Exploring the Landscape of Biofabrication Methods for Tissue and Organ Engineering
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65795/4nbyvd25Keywords:
Biofabrication , Bioinks , 3D Bioprinting, Organ Substitutes, Tissue Engineering , VascularizationAbstract
Societal concerns regarding the persistent shortage of donor organs and tissues have fueled the rapid growth of biofabrication as an unprecedented paradigm in regenerative medicine. In this review, we provide an in-depth review of the biofabrication approaches for tissue and organ engineering, particularly in the interweaving of engineering and biological principles. We critically review the four main types of bioprinting, such as extrusion, inkjet, laser-assisted, and stereolithography bioprinting in terms of, degree of resolution, compatibility of material with cell type or structure, viability of cells in post-fabrication conditions, and scalability. In addition to the four types of bioprinting, we tackle other scaffold-based and scaffold-free approaches such as electrospinning, cell sheet engineering, and assembly of spheroids. We additionally discuss biomaterials and bioinks developed in the area which can bridge biological processes and mimic nature's extracellular matrix. Recently developed innovations such as 4D bioprinting, smart biomaterials, artificial intelligence integration, and in situ bioprinting are emphasized as well as challenges still faced such as vascularization, mechanical integrity, and post-fabrication maturation. Applications demonstrate a multitude of therapeutic possibilities of biofabrication, from organ-on-chip systems to whole-organ engineering to skin and bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to push the field forward towards the realization of functional, transplantable tissues and organs, by enabling clinical translation and continued research, as well as standardization and interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Accepted 11-07-2026
Published 30-07-2026
