Synergistic Redox Modulation by Pomegranate Peel–Derived CeO₂–CuO Nanocomposites in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in cancer therapy, offering innovative solutions through the design of multifunctional nanomaterials. Among them, metal oxide nanocomposites are gaining attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and biomedical potential. However, conventional synthesis methods often involve toxic chemicals and generate environmental hazards. To overcome these challenges, green synthesis using plant-based extracts provides an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative. Pomegranate peel, a rich source of polyphenols and antioxidants, has shown potential in nanoparticle synthesis by acting as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly synthesis approach for (CeO₂)-(CuO) nanocomposites while investigating their physicochemical characteristics and therapeutic efficacy as an anticancer agent. The synthesis utilized pomegranate peel extract as a reducing and capping agent, combined with Cupric acetate monohydrate and Cerium nitrate. Characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the nanocomposites' structural and morphological properties. The anticancer activity was evaluated using an MTT assay on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, determining cell viability and IC₅₀ values. The FTIR analysis confirmed the successful integration of organic components from pomegranate peel with metal oxides in the nanocomposite. XRD analysis revealed well-defined crystalline structures, while TEM imaging showed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 48 nm. The MTT assay demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with the nanocomposite inducing significant apoptotic changes in HCT116 cells at higher concentrations. The green synthesis approach successfully produced a (CeO₂)-(CuO) nanocomposite with potent anticancer activity, underscoring its potential as a sustainable therapeutic agent. The study highlights the benefits of utilizing agro-industrial waste and developing effective nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Future research should focus on in vivo validation and detailed mechanistic studies.