Review on Advances in Growth Factor Loaded Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting

Abstract

3D bioprinting is an advanced technique that involves depositing bioink in layers to create three-dimensional structures of cells, tissues, and organs. Bioink, which contains living cells and biomaterials, is a crucial component in this process. Bioinks are generally classified as either natural or synthetic. The properties of bioink—such as physicochemical, rheological, and biocompatibility characteristics—play a vital role in successful bioprinting. The development of optimized bioink formulations supports cell differentiation and tissue formation. Growth factors are proteins that promote cell differentiation, regeneration, and tissue repair. Incorporating site-specific growth factors into bioinks can enhance their effectiveness. Growth factors improve cell viability, direct differentiation, promote tissue formation, and enhance the structural and functional properties of bioprinted tissues. Different types of growth factors have distinct roles in the regeneration process. This review analyzes the use of growth factors in 3D bioprinting for various regenerative applications, the formulation of bioinks, and the resulting outcomes. Additionally, it discusses the limitations of incorporating growth factors into bioinks and explores future directions in 3D bioprinting.