Silver Nanoparticles in Tissue Regeneration: Mechanisms, Cellular Interactions, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Tissue regeneration is crucial for restoring damaged cells, promoting organ function, and enhancing overall well-being. Nanotechnology, particularly the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has revolutionized regenerative medicine by providing targeted therapeutic interventions. AgNPs exhibit unique properties such as antimicrobial activity, osteogenic enhancement, antioxidant effects, and the ability to modulate inflammatory responses, making them valuable in tissue and bone regeneration. Their interactions with key cellular components, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, further contribute to their regenerative capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of AgNP-mediated tissue regeneration, including their role in antimicrobial defense, oxidative stress mitigation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Additionally, the influence of AgNP size on cellular uptake and differentiation is examined, alongside the benefits of green synthesis methods for improved biocompatibility. While AgNPs hold great promise in regenerative applications, concerns regarding cytotoxicity and long-term stability necessitate further research. By compiling recent findings, this review aims to provide an up-to-date insight into AgNP applications in tissue engineering, offering perspectives for future biomedical advancements.